Some people with MOGAD may present with transverse myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord), either by itself or in combination with optic neuritis, although this is less common. ![]() ![]() Optic neuritis can also be painful, especially with eye movement, as the optic nerve is inflamed and swollen. This includes blurred vision, problems seeing colours, and partial loss of vision. Optic neuritis causes visual disturbances as messages passing between the eye and the brain are disrupted due to the damaged myelin. Most cases of MOGAD appear with optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve behind the eye) in one (unilateral optic neuritis) or often both eyes (bilateral optic neuritis). We now know that MOGAD is a distinct disorder, separate from both NMOSD and MS, with different underlying processes occurring in the brain, optic nerve and spinal tissues, and unique clinical and radiological features, treatment approaches, and prognosis. This happens less frequently now with the availability of specific diagnostic blood tests for the detection of these important MOG antibodies, and recognition of the clinical and radiological features (MRIs of the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord) which distinguish these three disorders. As there is some overlap in signs and symptoms of MOGAD, NMOSD and MS, it has sometimes been difficult to separate the three different diseases, and every so often NMOSD and MOGAD were previously diagnosed as being a form of MS. In MOGAD, the immune system mistakenly makes antibodies targeting MOG, which results in demyelination. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein which is present on the outermost layer of special cells called oligodendrocytes in the CNS, which produce the protective myelin sheath around nerve cells. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS).
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